accounting system , Revenue Recognition Principle
Revenue Recognition Principle
The main problems in accounting for revenue is determining when revenue recognition. On the principle of recognition of revenue (revenue recognation principle), revenue is generally recognized when (1) realized or realizable and (2) is generated (earned). The purpose of this statement is that:
Revenue is considered realized when goods and services, merchandise, or other assets exchanged for cash or claims to cash; Revenue is considered realizable when assets received in exchange for the conversion immediately (ready to be exchanged) into cash or claims to cash with a known quantity;
Considered income generated (earned) if the relevant entity is essentially finished what should be done to get the right to benefits held by income, ie, if the process of generating real profits have been completed or has been completed.
Four transaction revenue has been recognized in accordance with the above principles, namely:
Revenue from product sales is recognized at the date of sale, usually interpreted as the date of delivery to the customer.
Revenue from rendering of services is recognized when services are recognized when the services are implemented and can be billed.
Revenues from allowing others to use enterprise assets such as interest, rents and royalties is recognized in accordance with the implementation of time or when the asset is used.
Income from disposal of assets other than products is recognized at the date of sale.
Measurement revenues by Indonesian Institute of Accountants (IAI) is measured by the fair value of the consideration received or receivable.
According to Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No.. 23 on earnings stating that the income arising from economic events, the following: (1) Sales of goods, (2) Sales of services, (3) Use of corporate assets by other parties that generate interest, royalties, and dividends.
Revenue from sale of goods shall be recognized when:
The Company has transferred significant risks and rewards of ownership have transferred the goods to the buyer;
Companies no longer manage nor effective control over the goods sold;
The amount of revenue can be measured reliably;
It is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the company, and
Costs incurred and will be incurred in connection with the transaction can be measured reliably.
Revenue related to the sale transaction services that can be estimated reliably (free from the notion is misleading, material error, and its use as a reliable and honest tuluis usage of which should be presented or that may reasonably be expected to served) should be recognized by reference to the level completion of the transaction at the balance sheet date.
A transaction can be estimated reliably when:
It is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the company;
Stage of completion of a transaction from the balance sheet date can be measured reliably;
The amount of revenue can be measured reliably;
Costs incurred for the transaction and the costs for the completion of the transaction can be measured reliably.
When transactions include the sale of services can not be estimated reliably, revenue is recognized only concerned with the burden that has been recognized that are recoverable.
Revenue arising from the use of corporate assets by other parties that generate interest, royalties and dividends shall be recognized on the basis of:
Interest shall be recognized on the basis of the proportion of time that takes into account the results of effective asset;
Royalties should be recognized on an accrual basis in accordance with the substance of the relevant agreement, and
In the cost method (cost method), cash dividends are recognized when the shareholders' rights to receive payment is established.
Recognition on the basis of the performed when:
(1) probable economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the company, and
(2) the amount of revenue can be measured reliably.
But if uncertainty arises about the collectibility of an amount already included in revenue, the amount of which can not be billed, or the amount of recovery or return is no longer probable, is recognized sebgai load, the adjustment of the amount of revenue originally recognized.
All of the above extract conceptual nature of the income and the basis of accounting for revenue transactions. In the revenue recognition practices, sometimes recognized as other income in the process of making a profit, that is mainly caused by (1) wish to acknowledge earlier (Earlier recognize) if there is a high degree of certainty about the amount of revenue generated, and (2) willingness to defer recognition of revenue if the level of uncertainty about the amount of revenue or expense is high, or Jiak penjulan not constitute substantial completion of the process of making a profit.
accounting and finance
Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) is a guideline in the practice of accounting in which the description of matter in which cover almost all the aspects related to accounting, which was developed involving a bunch of people with skills in accounting who are members of an organization called the Indonesian Institute of Accountants (IAI ). In other words, Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) is a manual for actors of accounting which provides guidance on all matters to do with accounting.
Financial Accounting Standards (GAAP) include conventions, rules and procedures that have been developed and endorsed by the official institution (standard setting body) at any given moment.
The above statement gives an understanding that the Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) is a book that contains instructions on accounting conventions or agreements, rules and procedures that have been approved by an authorized agency or institute. In other words, Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) is a regulation concerning accounting procedures that have been agreed and approved by an authorized agency or institute.
Financial Accounting Standards (IFRSs) prepared by the Indonesian Institute of Accountants always refer to the prevailing theories and provide interpretation and reasoning that has depth in terms of practice, especially in the making of financial statements in respect of their information is accurate economic data.
Based on the above statement can be understood that the Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) refers to the interpretation and reasoning theories are "valid" in practice "financial reporting" in order to obtain the information was about the economy.
Understanding of the above suggests that the Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) contains "procedures for the preparation of financial statements" which always refers to the prevailing theory, or in other words, based on ongoing conditions.
This causes not ruled Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) may undergo changes / adjustments from time to time in line with the changing needs of the information economy.
Overall opinion of the above it can be concluded that the Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) is a manual of accounting procedures which contains rules on handling, recording, preparation and presentation of financial statements prepared by the IAI which is based on the ongoing conditions and have agreed (convention) and has been authorized by the agency or official institute.
As a guideline, Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) is not an absolute for any perusahasan in making financial laporann. But at least to ensure that the placement of elements or elements of economic data should be placed in the right position so that all data can be presented with the economy, so it can make it easier for those interested in interpreting and megevaluasi financial statements for economic decision good for each party.
accounting courses
Corsi di formazione conti sono fonti appendice per commercialisti e personale finanziari per migliorare le proprie conoscenze e migliorare le loro competenze con il tempo di cui hanno bisogno per svolgere i propri compiti professionali in modo efficiente. Non una singola operazione commerciale sembra essere completata senza coinvolgere i soldi e questo è vero. Pertanto, è importante per i ragionieri e contabili per rimanere aggiornato con gli ultimi conti e conoscenze finanza e questi corsi di formazione conti aiutare conoscenza rinfrescante e aggiornamento di tanto in tanto.
Prima di scegliere un particolare corso assicurarsi, il programma che avete scelto copre una vasta gamma di questioni e hanno un contenuto in grado di migliorare le vostre abilità. Si può scegliere un numero di corsi di formazione per ottenere moltitudine di esperienze, l'apprendimento e le competenze. Di seguito sono riportati i tipi generali di corsi che rispondono alle più svariate esigenze sia dei professionisti e non professionisti.
Conti corso di formazione per il novizio
Questi tipi di conti e corsi di formazione di contabilità sono progettati per i nuovi assunti e non professionisti per dare loro la conoscenza a portata di mano sulle sezioni finanziari chiave, tra cui vendite, Cashbook generali, ai libri, alle scritture contabili, bilanci di verifica, riconciliazioni bancarie e bilanci. Questi corsi forniscono pratici e alla conoscenza data di spiegare le operazioni finanziarie e la procedura per registrarli. Qualsiasi impiego più fresco o studente finanza possono prendere questi corsi in quanto non specifico background e la conoscenza delle finanze è tenuto a iscriversi a questi corsi, ma si può insegnare alcune cose di base.
Conti corso di formazione per dirigenti
Si tratta di formazione di contabilità sono formulati per i dirigenti, che non sono ancora responsabili finanziari, ma hanno bisogno di conoscenze di base finanziaria e una certa comprensione del bilancio, bilanci, le voci di contabilità e della finanza in generale. Appartamenti e imprenditori impiegati e dirigenti di piccole imprese sono invitati a prendere questi corsi per imparare alcune nozioni di base di contabilità e finanziare in modo da poter gestire i problemi finanziari delle loro aziende ed hanno la comprensione di componenti significative del bilancio. Al termine del corso, i partecipanti devono essere in grado di comprendere meglio avvenimenti finanziari delle loro aziende.
Conti corso di formazione per gli operatori
Questi conti professionali e corsi di formazione di contabilità sono particolarmente su misura per esperti di finanza, manager e supervisori. Questi corsi sono molto utili per gli account e manager finanza e dei loro dipendenti perché devono avere fino a data e una conoscenza sufficiente dei conti. Questi corsi sono progettati per i professionisti, che hanno già una conoscenza di base della finanza e in modo che possano acquisire una profonda comprensione delle componenti chiave della contabilità aziendale e complessi termini finanziari. Per la formazione professionale HMRC Iva, corsi di contabilità del personale e corsi di formazione di contabilità stanno aiutando. Possono attitudine le loro conoscenze e risolvere questioni finanziarie easiliy.
Questi sono alcuni corsi di formazione conti progettati tenendo in considerazione le diverse esigenze di professionisti e non professionisti di finanziamento e la gestione dei conti. Quando uno sceglie in base alle proprie competenze e conoscenze, vi aiuterà a requisiti specifici di apprendimento.
Prima di scegliere un particolare corso assicurarsi, il programma che avete scelto copre una vasta gamma di questioni e hanno un contenuto in grado di migliorare le vostre abilità. Si può scegliere un numero di corsi di formazione per ottenere moltitudine di esperienze, l'apprendimento e le competenze. Di seguito sono riportati i tipi generali di corsi che rispondono alle più svariate esigenze sia dei professionisti e non professionisti.
Conti corso di formazione per il novizio
Questi tipi di conti e corsi di formazione di contabilità sono progettati per i nuovi assunti e non professionisti per dare loro la conoscenza a portata di mano sulle sezioni finanziari chiave, tra cui vendite, Cashbook generali, ai libri, alle scritture contabili, bilanci di verifica, riconciliazioni bancarie e bilanci. Questi corsi forniscono pratici e alla conoscenza data di spiegare le operazioni finanziarie e la procedura per registrarli. Qualsiasi impiego più fresco o studente finanza possono prendere questi corsi in quanto non specifico background e la conoscenza delle finanze è tenuto a iscriversi a questi corsi, ma si può insegnare alcune cose di base.
Conti corso di formazione per dirigenti
Si tratta di formazione di contabilità sono formulati per i dirigenti, che non sono ancora responsabili finanziari, ma hanno bisogno di conoscenze di base finanziaria e una certa comprensione del bilancio, bilanci, le voci di contabilità e della finanza in generale. Appartamenti e imprenditori impiegati e dirigenti di piccole imprese sono invitati a prendere questi corsi per imparare alcune nozioni di base di contabilità e finanziare in modo da poter gestire i problemi finanziari delle loro aziende ed hanno la comprensione di componenti significative del bilancio. Al termine del corso, i partecipanti devono essere in grado di comprendere meglio avvenimenti finanziari delle loro aziende.
Conti corso di formazione per gli operatori
Questi conti professionali e corsi di formazione di contabilità sono particolarmente su misura per esperti di finanza, manager e supervisori. Questi corsi sono molto utili per gli account e manager finanza e dei loro dipendenti perché devono avere fino a data e una conoscenza sufficiente dei conti. Questi corsi sono progettati per i professionisti, che hanno già una conoscenza di base della finanza e in modo che possano acquisire una profonda comprensione delle componenti chiave della contabilità aziendale e complessi termini finanziari. Per la formazione professionale HMRC Iva, corsi di contabilità del personale e corsi di formazione di contabilità stanno aiutando. Possono attitudine le loro conoscenze e risolvere questioni finanziarie easiliy.
Questi sono alcuni corsi di formazione conti progettati tenendo in considerazione le diverse esigenze di professionisti e non professionisti di finanziamento e la gestione dei conti. Quando uno sceglie in base alle proprie competenze e conoscenze, vi aiuterà a requisiti specifici di apprendimento.
accounting dictionary
abstract
summary of a statement, reports, essays, etc., that in a systematic and thorough stacking
abstraction of bank funds
making unauthorized bank funds (eg in the form of embezzlement or abuse
authorization) and cash, eskro accounts, trust accounts, or other accounts
event - lawyer
lawyer or person authorized by law by another person to conduct business transactions; addition, it can also represent others in litigation in court
ad valorem
commonly used with regard to the imposition of import tax, which means according to value, not by weight, size, or unit; duties are ad valorem duties assigned by value (money), not by weight, measure or unit, such as credit provision is set at 1% and the amount specified in the relevant loan agreement
adjudications
dltetapkan decision by a competent court to deal with the
disputed; perseilsihan settlement is different from arbitration
(Adjudication)
advice
written notice from the bank to nasabab on receipt of payment,
transfer of funds, services performed or payments made, for example
notice crediting, debit account, withdrawal or transfer of funds
debit advice
bank notification to the customers on any reductions or changes in funding the account and why
affidavit
Written statement made voluntarily under oath by a person who
authorized to take oaths, such as a lawyer who has been appointed by the
committee swearing, consul, or a notary public; affidavit can be justified as evidence or testimony in court
agent
a person or entity authorized or appointed to represent or act on behalf of another person or entity and have a fixed relationship with the represented; bank can also act sebagal agents in several activities such as a custodian and / or trustee
agents eskro
parties take responsibility, both to the seller and the buyer as well as the creditor and the debtor that the agreement made each party will be done
fiscal agent
agencies regarding financial matters in general, appointed by the government as
tax collector, receipt or storage of funds and implementation of government expenditure payments; bank shall be appointed as an agent for the tax collection rate of customer deposits and must deposit the pemenintah; fiscal agent often dlsebut with mandatory collection
corporative agent
banks that provide services as an agent of the company and / or government agencies; services could include clearing, payment of dividends or interest, redemption and registration of shares, as well as tax collection; banks will charge for services rendered
paying agent
agent, usually a commercial bank, which is authorized by the issuer of securities to pay principal and interest obligations to holders of securities; agents act as payers and charged for services
collection agency
bank acting as an agent and a person or another bank to perform collection
surety agent
agency that guarantees payment of the goods sold by him to accept a commission
additional
transfer agent
banks that provide services as an agent appointed by a company to maintain a record of the change of ownership, cancellation, issuance, sale of securities, and to resolve issues arising from securities lost, damaged, or stolen; services is usually done by commercial banks conducting commercial banking
agio
excess obtained and exchange gold or silver coins with banknotes in nominal value of the currency and the same term is commonly used in European banking, see
is also a premium,
excess of the actual value and the nominal value of securities or the value
foreign exchange payment, or depreciation of the value of a coin because of wear.
share premium
The company's net wealth derived from valuation or sale of shares above par price (paid-in surplus)
collateral
additional assurance that the debtor submitted to the bank in order to award
credit facilities or financing based on Islamic principles
trust agreement
written agreement used in undocumented credit financing provided to the buyer or importer; buyer promised to hold the goods received on behalf of the bank that provides financing though banks still dominate ownership of the goods; recipients trusts allow an importer to sell the goods before issuing banks dibayarkepada L / C
Acceptance bank
diakseptasi by bank draft; see acceptances
Acceptance
promise to pay by a party interested in the way his signature in draft; Acceptances must be declared with the word "acceptance" or by other similar means; signature only and interested parties shall be affixed on the front page, as the draft is valid acceptances; when has diakseptasi, money order ni be the same as
promissory note, which means it can be traded or sold to another party before tanggaljatuh tempo
acceptor
interested parties who mengakseptasi draft
productivity reduction actions
actions taken by workers individually or jointly by
reduction or decrease in productivity deliberate; action is intended to strengthen a claim to the company
aksio pauliana
complaint filed by the lender to cancel the fraudulent debtor
adverse; pauliana aksio agencies created to protect the creditors from fraudulent debtors, the person, partnership / body corporate that is declared bankrupt
deed
written statement signed by an interested party or a desire to prove the truth as written in the document
authentic deed
deed with the statutory form made by or in the presence of officials
authorities
deed under the hand
deed which is not produced by or in the presence of authorities
risky assets
all bank assets, except cash and government securities; to determine capital adequacy ratio or ratios, Bank Indonesia set limits on tertimbangmenurut nisiko assets (RWA)
collateral assets
assets in the form of property, securities, or other property that has been attached as collateral to support the issuance of bonds, notes, or loans
activa smoothly
assets in the form of cash or other valuables at any time by cash used mudahdapat
nonproductive assets
bank assets that do not generate income, such as cash held by banks, the central bank's reserve requirements, demand deposits with other banks, checks are still in the process of billing, and fixed assets
earning assets
investment of funds in the form of bank loans, bonds, equity, and other investment earnings
earning assets
the level of earning assets classified kolektibilitasnya ketertagihan or substandard, doubtful, and loss; referred to in this earning assets are loans, investment in other banks, securities owned, and inclusion
assets very smoothly
current assets net of inventory that can be quickly converted into cash at any time if needed, usually under the term of one year
cash equivalent assets
investments that are highly liquid, short-term, and can quickly be used in a certain amount of cash without facing the risk of changes in value means; equivalents held to meet short-term cash commitments, rather than for investment or other purposes
assets classifiable
earning assets, both existing and potential containing not give
earnings or result in losses for the banks
fixed assets
asset with a life in excess of one year, not intended for sale to
support the bank's operations, which include land, buildings, and equipment owned or leased
account activity
all mutations are recorded in the account came from and, among others, deposits, withdrawals, crediting revenue, and charging administrative costs in a particular period; mutation tensebut datam current account recorded a bendasarkan rule must be published each month in order to be matched by the account holders
acquisition
takeover of the majority (over and 50%) or all of the ownership of a bank
accumulation
Additional regularly on a number of commodities, such as return on capital or reserves, interest on savings or debt principal
account - perakunan
the process of recording, classifying, and pengiktisaran corporate transactions in the value of money and the preparation of financial reports and analysis, and thus can also mean
that perakunan is an information system to accumulate, process and
communicate all information related to financial transactions of the economic actors
account - free perakunan
provision of accounting services to service users who are not bound by the accountant as an employee or an employee of the accounting firm service users
account - perakunan costs
the branch of science dealing with the method of accounting and recording system of direct and indirect costs arising from bank services at various u nit in the bank; perakunan costs also recorded all expenditures include various types of costs, such as overhead costs include rent of buildings, equipment administrative and support costs, payroll management, marketing costs including advertising and promotional
account - perakunan inflation
accounts that show the effects of inflation on the price of an asset by comparing the present value of the assets to the value of the asset is purchased
compensation account
savings account balance on bank lending to borrowers who have maintained a certain amount of minimum balance acceptable use of credit
(Compensating balance)
real account
account balance at the end of period balance transferred to the next period, for example
account assets, debt, and capital
CPAs
accountant licensed practice of government as a private accountant so as to provide accounting services to companies with a certain payment
liquid tool
are cash and other assets that can be immediately cashed so that business operations continue, including inventory (inventory) merchandise, prepaid expenses and assets that can be cashed in for 1 year
algorithm
train of thought for solving the problem consists of a number of mathematical steps,
for example, a computer calculation program to calculate mortgage interest rate, the model
such financial alma, transfer pricing and data security
Alons
paper mailed connection, Acceptance or check, for the purposes of endorsement, if the page
behind these letters are full, Alons an integral part of the letters are diendos
amalgamation
merging two or more companies into a new company to achieve economies of scale position and better
liquidity analysis
analysis of the financial statements to determine the ability of the company to meet
short-term obligations.
marginal analysis
analysis of economic information by examining the results of the added value of a variable when another variable increases due to increased
ratio analysis
analysis to assess performance using financial ratios and other ratios, among others, include capital ratio, asset quality, earnings, liquidity, and management
lift values
increase in the value of securities based on the forces of supply and demand;
a broker can raise the price of a stock or bond when there is an increase
demand for securities
labor force
tetah everyone who reaches a certain age and have the ability to work both
who are already working or looking for work
Factoring
financing activities in the form of purchase and / or transfer and management of short-term debt or bill of a company trading transactions within or outside the country; company that called factoring factoring companies
summary of a statement, reports, essays, etc., that in a systematic and thorough stacking
abstraction of bank funds
making unauthorized bank funds (eg in the form of embezzlement or abuse
authorization) and cash, eskro accounts, trust accounts, or other accounts
event - lawyer
lawyer or person authorized by law by another person to conduct business transactions; addition, it can also represent others in litigation in court
ad valorem
commonly used with regard to the imposition of import tax, which means according to value, not by weight, size, or unit; duties are ad valorem duties assigned by value (money), not by weight, measure or unit, such as credit provision is set at 1% and the amount specified in the relevant loan agreement
adjudications
dltetapkan decision by a competent court to deal with the
disputed; perseilsihan settlement is different from arbitration
(Adjudication)
advice
written notice from the bank to nasabab on receipt of payment,
transfer of funds, services performed or payments made, for example
notice crediting, debit account, withdrawal or transfer of funds
debit advice
bank notification to the customers on any reductions or changes in funding the account and why
affidavit
Written statement made voluntarily under oath by a person who
authorized to take oaths, such as a lawyer who has been appointed by the
committee swearing, consul, or a notary public; affidavit can be justified as evidence or testimony in court
agent
a person or entity authorized or appointed to represent or act on behalf of another person or entity and have a fixed relationship with the represented; bank can also act sebagal agents in several activities such as a custodian and / or trustee
agents eskro
parties take responsibility, both to the seller and the buyer as well as the creditor and the debtor that the agreement made each party will be done
fiscal agent
agencies regarding financial matters in general, appointed by the government as
tax collector, receipt or storage of funds and implementation of government expenditure payments; bank shall be appointed as an agent for the tax collection rate of customer deposits and must deposit the pemenintah; fiscal agent often dlsebut with mandatory collection
corporative agent
banks that provide services as an agent of the company and / or government agencies; services could include clearing, payment of dividends or interest, redemption and registration of shares, as well as tax collection; banks will charge for services rendered
paying agent
agent, usually a commercial bank, which is authorized by the issuer of securities to pay principal and interest obligations to holders of securities; agents act as payers and charged for services
collection agency
bank acting as an agent and a person or another bank to perform collection
surety agent
agency that guarantees payment of the goods sold by him to accept a commission
additional
transfer agent
banks that provide services as an agent appointed by a company to maintain a record of the change of ownership, cancellation, issuance, sale of securities, and to resolve issues arising from securities lost, damaged, or stolen; services is usually done by commercial banks conducting commercial banking
agio
excess obtained and exchange gold or silver coins with banknotes in nominal value of the currency and the same term is commonly used in European banking, see
is also a premium,
excess of the actual value and the nominal value of securities or the value
foreign exchange payment, or depreciation of the value of a coin because of wear.
share premium
The company's net wealth derived from valuation or sale of shares above par price (paid-in surplus)
collateral
additional assurance that the debtor submitted to the bank in order to award
credit facilities or financing based on Islamic principles
trust agreement
written agreement used in undocumented credit financing provided to the buyer or importer; buyer promised to hold the goods received on behalf of the bank that provides financing though banks still dominate ownership of the goods; recipients trusts allow an importer to sell the goods before issuing banks dibayarkepada L / C
Acceptance bank
diakseptasi by bank draft; see acceptances
Acceptance
promise to pay by a party interested in the way his signature in draft; Acceptances must be declared with the word "acceptance" or by other similar means; signature only and interested parties shall be affixed on the front page, as the draft is valid acceptances; when has diakseptasi, money order ni be the same as
promissory note, which means it can be traded or sold to another party before tanggaljatuh tempo
acceptor
interested parties who mengakseptasi draft
productivity reduction actions
actions taken by workers individually or jointly by
reduction or decrease in productivity deliberate; action is intended to strengthen a claim to the company
aksio pauliana
complaint filed by the lender to cancel the fraudulent debtor
adverse; pauliana aksio agencies created to protect the creditors from fraudulent debtors, the person, partnership / body corporate that is declared bankrupt
deed
written statement signed by an interested party or a desire to prove the truth as written in the document
authentic deed
deed with the statutory form made by or in the presence of officials
authorities
deed under the hand
deed which is not produced by or in the presence of authorities
risky assets
all bank assets, except cash and government securities; to determine capital adequacy ratio or ratios, Bank Indonesia set limits on tertimbangmenurut nisiko assets (RWA)
collateral assets
assets in the form of property, securities, or other property that has been attached as collateral to support the issuance of bonds, notes, or loans
activa smoothly
assets in the form of cash or other valuables at any time by cash used mudahdapat
nonproductive assets
bank assets that do not generate income, such as cash held by banks, the central bank's reserve requirements, demand deposits with other banks, checks are still in the process of billing, and fixed assets
earning assets
investment of funds in the form of bank loans, bonds, equity, and other investment earnings
earning assets
the level of earning assets classified kolektibilitasnya ketertagihan or substandard, doubtful, and loss; referred to in this earning assets are loans, investment in other banks, securities owned, and inclusion
assets very smoothly
current assets net of inventory that can be quickly converted into cash at any time if needed, usually under the term of one year
cash equivalent assets
investments that are highly liquid, short-term, and can quickly be used in a certain amount of cash without facing the risk of changes in value means; equivalents held to meet short-term cash commitments, rather than for investment or other purposes
assets classifiable
earning assets, both existing and potential containing not give
earnings or result in losses for the banks
fixed assets
asset with a life in excess of one year, not intended for sale to
support the bank's operations, which include land, buildings, and equipment owned or leased
account activity
all mutations are recorded in the account came from and, among others, deposits, withdrawals, crediting revenue, and charging administrative costs in a particular period; mutation tensebut datam current account recorded a bendasarkan rule must be published each month in order to be matched by the account holders
acquisition
takeover of the majority (over and 50%) or all of the ownership of a bank
accumulation
Additional regularly on a number of commodities, such as return on capital or reserves, interest on savings or debt principal
account - perakunan
the process of recording, classifying, and pengiktisaran corporate transactions in the value of money and the preparation of financial reports and analysis, and thus can also mean
that perakunan is an information system to accumulate, process and
communicate all information related to financial transactions of the economic actors
account - free perakunan
provision of accounting services to service users who are not bound by the accountant as an employee or an employee of the accounting firm service users
account - perakunan costs
the branch of science dealing with the method of accounting and recording system of direct and indirect costs arising from bank services at various u nit in the bank; perakunan costs also recorded all expenditures include various types of costs, such as overhead costs include rent of buildings, equipment administrative and support costs, payroll management, marketing costs including advertising and promotional
account - perakunan inflation
accounts that show the effects of inflation on the price of an asset by comparing the present value of the assets to the value of the asset is purchased
compensation account
savings account balance on bank lending to borrowers who have maintained a certain amount of minimum balance acceptable use of credit
(Compensating balance)
real account
account balance at the end of period balance transferred to the next period, for example
account assets, debt, and capital
CPAs
accountant licensed practice of government as a private accountant so as to provide accounting services to companies with a certain payment
liquid tool
are cash and other assets that can be immediately cashed so that business operations continue, including inventory (inventory) merchandise, prepaid expenses and assets that can be cashed in for 1 year
algorithm
train of thought for solving the problem consists of a number of mathematical steps,
for example, a computer calculation program to calculate mortgage interest rate, the model
such financial alma, transfer pricing and data security
Alons
paper mailed connection, Acceptance or check, for the purposes of endorsement, if the page
behind these letters are full, Alons an integral part of the letters are diendos
amalgamation
merging two or more companies into a new company to achieve economies of scale position and better
liquidity analysis
analysis of the financial statements to determine the ability of the company to meet
short-term obligations.
marginal analysis
analysis of economic information by examining the results of the added value of a variable when another variable increases due to increased
ratio analysis
analysis to assess performance using financial ratios and other ratios, among others, include capital ratio, asset quality, earnings, liquidity, and management
lift values
increase in the value of securities based on the forces of supply and demand;
a broker can raise the price of a stock or bond when there is an increase
demand for securities
labor force
tetah everyone who reaches a certain age and have the ability to work both
who are already working or looking for work
Factoring
financing activities in the form of purchase and / or transfer and management of short-term debt or bill of a company trading transactions within or outside the country; company that called factoring factoring companies
Financial Ratio Analysis , accounting ratios
The ratio is a measure used by the company to mengenalisis financial statements. The ratio describes the relationship between the amount or consideration of certain other amounts. By using analytical tools such as financial ratios can explain and give an overview to the analyzer is about good or bad things are or the financial position of an enterprise of a period eke next period.
Financial ratio analysis is an analysis that links the estimated balance sheet and income statement for each other, which gives an overview of the history of the company as well as an assessment of the circumstances of a particular company. Financial ratio analysis enables fund managers predict the reaction of potential investors and creditors and can be taken to obtain additional funding. (Zaki Baridwan, 1997: 17)
A ratio has no meaning in itself, but should be compared with other ratios that ratio becomes more perfect and to do this analysis can be a way of comparing the performance of a period in prior periods that are known tendency immersion period, but it can also be done by comparison with similar companies in the industry so that it can be seen how the financial industry.
In undertaking the interpretation and analysis of financial statements of a company, the analyzer requires a certain measure or yardstick. Size is often used in the financial analysis is a ratio. Understanding the actual ratio is just a tool which is expressed in the "aritmatical terms" that can be used to describe the relationship between the two types of financial data. Ratio that stuff a lot, because it can be made according to the needs of the analyzer.
According to Bambang Riyanto (1992: 329), financial ratio analysis is the process of determining the critical operating and financial characteristics of sebuahperusahaan of accounting data and financial statements. The purpose of this analysis is to determine the efficiency of the performance of the company's managers are realized in the financial records and financial statements.
In financial ratio analysis can basically do it with two kinds of comparisons, namely:
• Comparing the current ratio (ratio present) with the ratios of the time that has past (historical ratio) or the ratios are estimated to time that will come from the same company.
• Comparing the ratios of a company with similar ratios of other similar companies.
Thus, the benefits of a fully tegantung the ratio to the ability / intelligence analysts to interpret the data pertinent data.
Keuanggulan And Limitations of Financial Ratio Analysis
Ratio analysis has compared keuanggulan other analysis techniques. Keuanggulan such as described by Sofyan Syafii Harahap (1998: 298), among others:
1. The ratio is an overview of the numbers and statistics that are easier to read and interpret.
2. A substitute for the more modest of the information presented financial reports are very detailed and complicated.
3. Knowing the position of other companies in the industry
4. Very useful for filling material in decision-making models and model predictions.
5. Menstandarisir company size
6. It is easier to compare perusahaandengan another company or companies see the development of periodic or time series.
7. It's easier to see trends and make predictions on the company's future to come.
Financial ratio analysis is an analysis that links the estimated balance sheet and income statement for each other, which gives an overview of the history of the company as well as an assessment of the circumstances of a particular company. Financial ratio analysis enables fund managers predict the reaction of potential investors and creditors and can be taken to obtain additional funding. (Zaki Baridwan, 1997: 17)
A ratio has no meaning in itself, but should be compared with other ratios that ratio becomes more perfect and to do this analysis can be a way of comparing the performance of a period in prior periods that are known tendency immersion period, but it can also be done by comparison with similar companies in the industry so that it can be seen how the financial industry.
In undertaking the interpretation and analysis of financial statements of a company, the analyzer requires a certain measure or yardstick. Size is often used in the financial analysis is a ratio. Understanding the actual ratio is just a tool which is expressed in the "aritmatical terms" that can be used to describe the relationship between the two types of financial data. Ratio that stuff a lot, because it can be made according to the needs of the analyzer.
According to Bambang Riyanto (1992: 329), financial ratio analysis is the process of determining the critical operating and financial characteristics of sebuahperusahaan of accounting data and financial statements. The purpose of this analysis is to determine the efficiency of the performance of the company's managers are realized in the financial records and financial statements.
In financial ratio analysis can basically do it with two kinds of comparisons, namely:
• Comparing the current ratio (ratio present) with the ratios of the time that has past (historical ratio) or the ratios are estimated to time that will come from the same company.
• Comparing the ratios of a company with similar ratios of other similar companies.
Thus, the benefits of a fully tegantung the ratio to the ability / intelligence analysts to interpret the data pertinent data.
Keuanggulan And Limitations of Financial Ratio Analysis
Ratio analysis has compared keuanggulan other analysis techniques. Keuanggulan such as described by Sofyan Syafii Harahap (1998: 298), among others:
1. The ratio is an overview of the numbers and statistics that are easier to read and interpret.
2. A substitute for the more modest of the information presented financial reports are very detailed and complicated.
3. Knowing the position of other companies in the industry
4. Very useful for filling material in decision-making models and model predictions.
5. Menstandarisir company size
6. It is easier to compare perusahaandengan another company or companies see the development of periodic or time series.
7. It's easier to see trends and make predictions on the company's future to come.
accounting concepts and Principles of Accounting
Basic Concepts
The basic concept is the basis of accounting principles generally accepted that also serves as a foundation for other accounting principles based on the characteristics of the same environment.
According to Zaki Baridwan (1997: 9) states that the basic concepts underlying accounting principles are as follows:
1. Historical cost principle (Historical Cost Principle).
2. The principle of recognition of revenue (Revenue Recognition Principle).
3. Principles unite (Matching Principle).
4. The principle of consistency (Consistency Principle).
5. The principle of full disclosure (Full Disclousure Principle).
Principles of Accounting
The accounting principles are the basis or guide for those who practice or activity in the field of accounting, so that must be obeyed in particular in terms of the process of preparing financial statements. Accounting principles could provide clues about how the data sources and economic obligations are recorded as assets and liabilities, how to record, when the change is recorded, and how to measure it and what information is disclosed and how to express it.
According to the Niswonger and Fess (1996: 349-353) accounting principles of the most important and widely used is as follows:
1. Unity of effort (Bussines entity).
2. The company runs (Going Concern).
3. Evidence of an objective (Objective Evidence).
4. Units of measurement (unit of measurement).
5. Accounting period (Accounting Period).
6. Matching revenues and expenses (Matching Revenue and Cost expired).
7. Consistency (Consistency).
8. Materiality (Materiality).
9. Konsevatisme (Consevatisme).
Indonesian Institute of Accountants (1984: 16) describes the accounting principles as follows:
Indonesia Accounting Principles are a set of principles, procedures, methods and techniques of accounting that govern the preparation of financial statements, especially those addressed to outside parties such as shareholders, creditors, tax authorities, and so on.
Accounting principles play an important role, especially in the implementation of the accounting function as a provider of a company's financial accounting, so by using accounting principles and concepts of the recording and valuation of property.
The basic concept is the basis of accounting principles generally accepted that also serves as a foundation for other accounting principles based on the characteristics of the same environment.
According to Zaki Baridwan (1997: 9) states that the basic concepts underlying accounting principles are as follows:
1. Historical cost principle (Historical Cost Principle).
2. The principle of recognition of revenue (Revenue Recognition Principle).
3. Principles unite (Matching Principle).
4. The principle of consistency (Consistency Principle).
5. The principle of full disclosure (Full Disclousure Principle).
Principles of Accounting
The accounting principles are the basis or guide for those who practice or activity in the field of accounting, so that must be obeyed in particular in terms of the process of preparing financial statements. Accounting principles could provide clues about how the data sources and economic obligations are recorded as assets and liabilities, how to record, when the change is recorded, and how to measure it and what information is disclosed and how to express it.
According to the Niswonger and Fess (1996: 349-353) accounting principles of the most important and widely used is as follows:
1. Unity of effort (Bussines entity).
2. The company runs (Going Concern).
3. Evidence of an objective (Objective Evidence).
4. Units of measurement (unit of measurement).
5. Accounting period (Accounting Period).
6. Matching revenues and expenses (Matching Revenue and Cost expired).
7. Consistency (Consistency).
8. Materiality (Materiality).
9. Konsevatisme (Consevatisme).
Indonesian Institute of Accountants (1984: 16) describes the accounting principles as follows:
Indonesia Accounting Principles are a set of principles, procedures, methods and techniques of accounting that govern the preparation of financial statements, especially those addressed to outside parties such as shareholders, creditors, tax authorities, and so on.
Accounting principles play an important role, especially in the implementation of the accounting function as a provider of a company's financial accounting, so by using accounting principles and concepts of the recording and valuation of property.
accounting standards
Accounting Standards
INTRODUCTION
Accounting standards are regulations or rules (including the laws and statutes) governing the preparation of financial statements. Standard setting is the process of formulation or formulation of accounting standards. Accounting standards is the result of standard setting. But in practice differs from that specified by the standard. There are four reasons that explain, among other things:
In most countries, the penalty for non-compliance with the provisions of accounting tends to be weak and ineffective.
Companies may voluntarily report more information than required.
Some states allow companies to ignore the accounting standards do so if the company's operations and financial position will tersajikan better results.
In some countries accounting standard applies only to the financial statements themselves, and not for the consolidated report.
Accounting standard setting generally involves a combination of private and public sector groups. The relationship between accounting standards and accounting processes are very complicated and do not always move in the same direction. In the previous discussion we distinguish between fair presentation accounting orientation versus legal compliance. Accounting reasonable peyajian usually associated with common law countries, while accounting legal compliance generally found in code law countries. This difference is seen in the standard-setting process, in which the private sector is more influential in countries with a fair presentation of law, while the public sector is more influential in the country with a code law legal compliance.
2. ACCOUNTING SYSTEM IN JAPAN
Accounting and financial reporting in Japan reflects the combined influence of various domestic and international. Two separate government agency responsible for the regulation of accounting and corporate income tax law in Japan has further effect as well. In the first half of the 20th century, reflecting the influence of German accounting thought: in the second half, the ideas of U.S. influence. More recently, the influence of the body of the International Accounting Standards Board began to be felt, and in 2001 a major change occurred with the establishment of private sector organizations as a maker of accounting standards.
Japan is a traditional society with cultural and religious roots strong. Group consciousness and interdependence in personal relations and corporate against a reasonable relationship between independent individuals and groups in western countries. The Japanese company has an equity stake together with each other, and often jointly own other companies. Investment interlocking produces a gigantic industrial conglomerate known as keiretsu. Banks often become part of this great industry group.
The use of bank loans and debt capital to finance large companies expanding fairly much when viewed from the point of view of the West and especially the company's management more accountable to the banks and other financial institutions, as opposed to shareholders. The central government also imposed strict control over a wide range of business activities in Japan, which means a strong bureaucratic control in matters of business, including accounting. Knowledge of the main business activities are limited to the company and other parties such as banks and the government.
Keiretsu's capital, is in line with the changes in the Japanese structural reforms to overcome economic stagnation that began in the 1990s. The financial crisis that followed the outbreak of Japan's bubble economy is also pushing for a comprehensive evaluation of the Japanese financial reporting standards. It is apparent that many accounting practices to hide how bad the company in Japan. A change in accounting was announced at the end of the 1990s to make the economic health of Japanese companies become more transparent and bring Japan closer to international standards.
Accounting Regulation and Enforcement Rules
The national government still has the most significant influence on accounting in Japan. Accounting regulation is based on three laws: Commercial Law, Capital Market Law and Income Tax Law Company.
Commercial law is governed by the Ministry of Justice (MOJ). The law is at the core of the accounting regulations in Japan and most have a large influence. Developed from German commercial law, the law enacted earlier in 1980, but was only implemented in 1899. Protection of creditors and shareholders is the main principle with a clear dependence on the historical cost. Disclosure of credit worthiness and availability of profits for distribution of dividends is also equally important. All companies are required to meet established accounting provisions, which are contained in the rules regarding the balance sheet, income statement, statement of operations and supporting schedules perusahaandengan limited liability.
Public-owned company must further comply with the Capital Market Law (SEL) administered by the Ministry of Finance. SEL made under the Capital Market Law and the U.S. imposed on Japan by the U.S. during the occupation after World War II. SEL main aim is to provide information in making investment decisions. Although SEL requires the same basic financial statements such as commercial law, terminology, form and content of financial statements is defined more specifically by the SEL, some financial statement items reclassified for presentation purposes and additional details are given. However, net income and shareholders' equity remains the same according to the Commercial Law and SEL.
Business Accounting Advisory Council (BADC) is a special adviser to the agency's finance ministry is responsible for developing accounting standards in accordance with the SEL. BADC can be said to be a major source country GAAP in Japan now. But BADC can not exclude that different standards of commercial law. The BADC members appointed by the finance ministry and work part time. They come from academia, government, business circles as well as members of the Institute of Certified Public Accountants in Japan (JICPA).
The big change in the accounting standard-setting in Japan occurred in the formation 2001dengan Accounting Standards Board of Japan (ASBJ) and the associated watchdog known as the Institute of Financial Accounting (FASF). As an independent, private sector organizations, ASBJ expected to become stronger and more transparent and less influenced by political pressures and special purpose, when compared with the BADC. ASBJ working with the IASB in developing IFRS.
Financial Reporting
The company established under commercial law required to prepare a report that shall be approved by the annual meeting of shareholders which include: balance sheet, income statement lapioran, business reports, proposals for setting use (appropriation) earnings on hold, supporting schedules.
Note the accompanying balance sheet and income statement explaining the accounting policies and provide supporting detail. The report outlines the efforts of business and information about operations, financial position and results of operations. A number of supporting schedules must also be made, apart from the notes to the financial statements, which include:
Changes in share capital and statutory reserve
Changes in bonds and long-term debt and short-term
Changes in fixed assets and accumulated depreciation
Assets in underwriting
Debt guarantees
Changes in provisions
Amounts payable to and collectible from controlling shareholder
Equity holdings in subsidiaries and the number of shares owned by the company's subsidiaries.
Receivables from subsidiaries
Transactions with directors, the auditor shall, controlling shareholders and third parties that pose a conflict of interest
Remuneration paid to directors and auditors shall
This information is compiled for a single year by a parent company and shall be audited by the auditor. Commercial law does not require a cash flow statement.
The company listed its shares must prepare financial statements in accordance with the Capital Market Law (SEL), which generally requires the same basic financial statements with commercial law coupled with the cash flow statement. But according to the consolidated financial statements SEL was not primarily the parent company's financial statements. The financial statements and schedules are prepared in accordance with the SEL must be audited by an independent auditor. Forecast cash flow for the next 6 months included as additional information in the reports to the Ministry of Finance. The report forecasts have also been reported. Overall, the report forecasts the number of very large companies in Japan. But this information is only reported in the mandatory and rarely presented in the annual report to shareholders.
Accounting Measurement
Commercial law requires large companies to prepare consolidated financial statements. In addition the company listed its shares must prepare consolidated financial statements in accordance with the SEL. Account is a separate company basis for consolidated reporting danumumnya same accounting principles used for both. Subsidiaries are consolidated when the parent company directly or indirectly control the financial and operating policies. Although the pooling of interests method is allowed, the purchase method for business combinations commonly used.
Most accounting practices carried out in recent years as a result of the Great Change in Accounting. Recent changes include:
Require the company listed its shares to make a statement of cash flows
Expanding the number of subsidiaries are consolidated based control that and not the percentage of ownership
Expanding the number of affiliated companies accounted for under the equity method and is not based on significant influence on the percentage of ownership
Assessing investment in market prices of securities and not the acquisition cost
Provision over the liabilities
Full accrual on pension and other retirement obligations.
3. CONCLUSION
Accounting standards are regulations or rules (including the laws and statutes) governing the preparation of financial statements. Standard setting is prosesperumusan or formulation of accounting standards. The standard is the result of penetapanstandar. However, actual practice differs from the prescribed standard. Accounting standard setting involves a combination of private sector groups yangmeliputi accounting profession, users and compilers of the financial statements, dankelompok public employees which includes agencies such as tax authorities, ministries yangbertanggungjawab on commercial law and capital market commission. Yangmerupakan exchanges private or public sector (depending on the country) also affect prosestersebut. In common law countries, the private sector tends to be more influential and profesiauditing to organize themselves and to better melakukanpertimbangan above attest to the fair presentation of financial statements. In the State-negarahukum code, more influential and public sector accounting profession tend to lebihdiatur by the State. This is why accounting standards vary around the world
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INTRODUCTION
Accounting standards are regulations or rules (including the laws and statutes) governing the preparation of financial statements. Standard setting is the process of formulation or formulation of accounting standards. Accounting standards is the result of standard setting. But in practice differs from that specified by the standard. There are four reasons that explain, among other things:
In most countries, the penalty for non-compliance with the provisions of accounting tends to be weak and ineffective.
Companies may voluntarily report more information than required.
Some states allow companies to ignore the accounting standards do so if the company's operations and financial position will tersajikan better results.
In some countries accounting standard applies only to the financial statements themselves, and not for the consolidated report.
Accounting standard setting generally involves a combination of private and public sector groups. The relationship between accounting standards and accounting processes are very complicated and do not always move in the same direction. In the previous discussion we distinguish between fair presentation accounting orientation versus legal compliance. Accounting reasonable peyajian usually associated with common law countries, while accounting legal compliance generally found in code law countries. This difference is seen in the standard-setting process, in which the private sector is more influential in countries with a fair presentation of law, while the public sector is more influential in the country with a code law legal compliance.
2. ACCOUNTING SYSTEM IN JAPAN
Accounting and financial reporting in Japan reflects the combined influence of various domestic and international. Two separate government agency responsible for the regulation of accounting and corporate income tax law in Japan has further effect as well. In the first half of the 20th century, reflecting the influence of German accounting thought: in the second half, the ideas of U.S. influence. More recently, the influence of the body of the International Accounting Standards Board began to be felt, and in 2001 a major change occurred with the establishment of private sector organizations as a maker of accounting standards.
Japan is a traditional society with cultural and religious roots strong. Group consciousness and interdependence in personal relations and corporate against a reasonable relationship between independent individuals and groups in western countries. The Japanese company has an equity stake together with each other, and often jointly own other companies. Investment interlocking produces a gigantic industrial conglomerate known as keiretsu. Banks often become part of this great industry group.
The use of bank loans and debt capital to finance large companies expanding fairly much when viewed from the point of view of the West and especially the company's management more accountable to the banks and other financial institutions, as opposed to shareholders. The central government also imposed strict control over a wide range of business activities in Japan, which means a strong bureaucratic control in matters of business, including accounting. Knowledge of the main business activities are limited to the company and other parties such as banks and the government.
Keiretsu's capital, is in line with the changes in the Japanese structural reforms to overcome economic stagnation that began in the 1990s. The financial crisis that followed the outbreak of Japan's bubble economy is also pushing for a comprehensive evaluation of the Japanese financial reporting standards. It is apparent that many accounting practices to hide how bad the company in Japan. A change in accounting was announced at the end of the 1990s to make the economic health of Japanese companies become more transparent and bring Japan closer to international standards.
Accounting Regulation and Enforcement Rules
The national government still has the most significant influence on accounting in Japan. Accounting regulation is based on three laws: Commercial Law, Capital Market Law and Income Tax Law Company.
Commercial law is governed by the Ministry of Justice (MOJ). The law is at the core of the accounting regulations in Japan and most have a large influence. Developed from German commercial law, the law enacted earlier in 1980, but was only implemented in 1899. Protection of creditors and shareholders is the main principle with a clear dependence on the historical cost. Disclosure of credit worthiness and availability of profits for distribution of dividends is also equally important. All companies are required to meet established accounting provisions, which are contained in the rules regarding the balance sheet, income statement, statement of operations and supporting schedules perusahaandengan limited liability.
Public-owned company must further comply with the Capital Market Law (SEL) administered by the Ministry of Finance. SEL made under the Capital Market Law and the U.S. imposed on Japan by the U.S. during the occupation after World War II. SEL main aim is to provide information in making investment decisions. Although SEL requires the same basic financial statements such as commercial law, terminology, form and content of financial statements is defined more specifically by the SEL, some financial statement items reclassified for presentation purposes and additional details are given. However, net income and shareholders' equity remains the same according to the Commercial Law and SEL.
Business Accounting Advisory Council (BADC) is a special adviser to the agency's finance ministry is responsible for developing accounting standards in accordance with the SEL. BADC can be said to be a major source country GAAP in Japan now. But BADC can not exclude that different standards of commercial law. The BADC members appointed by the finance ministry and work part time. They come from academia, government, business circles as well as members of the Institute of Certified Public Accountants in Japan (JICPA).
The big change in the accounting standard-setting in Japan occurred in the formation 2001dengan Accounting Standards Board of Japan (ASBJ) and the associated watchdog known as the Institute of Financial Accounting (FASF). As an independent, private sector organizations, ASBJ expected to become stronger and more transparent and less influenced by political pressures and special purpose, when compared with the BADC. ASBJ working with the IASB in developing IFRS.
Financial Reporting
The company established under commercial law required to prepare a report that shall be approved by the annual meeting of shareholders which include: balance sheet, income statement lapioran, business reports, proposals for setting use (appropriation) earnings on hold, supporting schedules.
Note the accompanying balance sheet and income statement explaining the accounting policies and provide supporting detail. The report outlines the efforts of business and information about operations, financial position and results of operations. A number of supporting schedules must also be made, apart from the notes to the financial statements, which include:
Changes in share capital and statutory reserve
Changes in bonds and long-term debt and short-term
Changes in fixed assets and accumulated depreciation
Assets in underwriting
Debt guarantees
Changes in provisions
Amounts payable to and collectible from controlling shareholder
Equity holdings in subsidiaries and the number of shares owned by the company's subsidiaries.
Receivables from subsidiaries
Transactions with directors, the auditor shall, controlling shareholders and third parties that pose a conflict of interest
Remuneration paid to directors and auditors shall
This information is compiled for a single year by a parent company and shall be audited by the auditor. Commercial law does not require a cash flow statement.
The company listed its shares must prepare financial statements in accordance with the Capital Market Law (SEL), which generally requires the same basic financial statements with commercial law coupled with the cash flow statement. But according to the consolidated financial statements SEL was not primarily the parent company's financial statements. The financial statements and schedules are prepared in accordance with the SEL must be audited by an independent auditor. Forecast cash flow for the next 6 months included as additional information in the reports to the Ministry of Finance. The report forecasts have also been reported. Overall, the report forecasts the number of very large companies in Japan. But this information is only reported in the mandatory and rarely presented in the annual report to shareholders.
Accounting Measurement
Commercial law requires large companies to prepare consolidated financial statements. In addition the company listed its shares must prepare consolidated financial statements in accordance with the SEL. Account is a separate company basis for consolidated reporting danumumnya same accounting principles used for both. Subsidiaries are consolidated when the parent company directly or indirectly control the financial and operating policies. Although the pooling of interests method is allowed, the purchase method for business combinations commonly used.
Most accounting practices carried out in recent years as a result of the Great Change in Accounting. Recent changes include:
Require the company listed its shares to make a statement of cash flows
Expanding the number of subsidiaries are consolidated based control that and not the percentage of ownership
Expanding the number of affiliated companies accounted for under the equity method and is not based on significant influence on the percentage of ownership
Assessing investment in market prices of securities and not the acquisition cost
Provision over the liabilities
Full accrual on pension and other retirement obligations.
3. CONCLUSION
Accounting standards are regulations or rules (including the laws and statutes) governing the preparation of financial statements. Standard setting is prosesperumusan or formulation of accounting standards. The standard is the result of penetapanstandar. However, actual practice differs from the prescribed standard. Accounting standard setting involves a combination of private sector groups yangmeliputi accounting profession, users and compilers of the financial statements, dankelompok public employees which includes agencies such as tax authorities, ministries yangbertanggungjawab on commercial law and capital market commission. Yangmerupakan exchanges private or public sector (depending on the country) also affect prosestersebut. In common law countries, the private sector tends to be more influential and profesiauditing to organize themselves and to better melakukanpertimbangan above attest to the fair presentation of financial statements. In the State-negarahukum code, more influential and public sector accounting profession tend to lebihdiatur by the State. This is why accounting standards vary around the world
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